The 2People Project

My latest projects

2008-06-17T15:33:00.001-07:00

This blog is obviously a bit out-of-date. My latest efforts are all on: 2People.org and the Greater Seattle Climate Dialogues.

Reef in beta

2005-12-23T17:29:00.000-08:00

Reef -- the social software that's a core part of 2People -- has been in beta since early December. I originally released it thinking that it would be only for testing, but then it was stable enough that I started adding real content. Seeing it start to look real is very satisfying.

The thing I'm most pleased about is that I finally understand what it really is. It looks a lot like a custom web app designed to help people collaborate on footprint reduction. And it is that ... but actually it's much more general-purpose than that. It's a tool for creating and sharing content, and creating and sharing different views of that content.

The "creating and sharing content" is what any wiki or CMS does for you. Reef adds some features (page types, especially) that make it especially suited for our collective work on sustainability: todo lists, footprint graphs, etc. This much is pretty cool.

But the "creating and sharing different views of that content" is what is really different about Reef. If you think about online communities that get large, the limiting factor is our inability to stay in touch with more than a tiny slice of it. This limits our ability to really constitute one community. A place like Tribe.net is really a whole lot of smaller communities contained in one web site. I wanted Reef to support staying in touch with the community as a whole. And what's come out of that desire is a tool that lets users slice and dice the content on the site in every possible way. These "slices" are themselves just wiki pages, so they can be created and shared like any other page -- but they constitute different views of the community. Of course, there's no community to view yet, but eventually you'll be able to construct a whole new interface to 2People that's specific to your interests ... say, solar energy in the Southwest. This may sound like narrowing, but it's fundamentally different than the narrowing that happens on Tribe. There, you go inside the walls of your group, and you're cut off from anything else. In Reef, there are no walls. Solar energy in the Southwest isn't a group, it's just a particular view of the whole community.

Catching up ... Imagine Cascadia

2005-12-23T17:27:00.000-08:00

Has it really been two months since my last post?! I can't believe it... so much has been happening, but I guess I kept waiting for the dust to settle,... and it never seems to. So, my apologies for suddenly dumping a whole series of posts into the end-of-year bin. And thanks to Paul Bain for the nudge...

My last post was about attending the inaugural meeting of a large bioregional sustainability effort. Since then, I've become involved in the core planning team that's hosting the conversations that we hope will lead to some kind of ongoing "movement" -- though what exactly that looks like depends a lot on who you talk to.

This group is pretty interesting -- there's a desire not to merely repeat what's been tried before, but find a new way to catalyze connection among people and groups to create a new dynamic.

There's a lot of wisdom in this group, but the pace of action is frustrating to me. It's been two months since the first big meeting, and I don't feel we have a lot to show for that time -- though I'm sure that others would strenuously disagree. It's a deep lesson that even among people who find themselves on the core team of an effort such as this we can be so far apart. Nonetheless, we're moving forward, and will hold another plenary meeting (with several hundred attendees) in late January.

Making connections in Seattle

2005-10-20T23:06:00.000-07:00

One of the first things I did here in Seattle was volunteer to give a little talk about 2People at the monthly Planetwork meeting. Planetwork is a "convening organization" that aims to bring people together who are interested in applying networking (web, internet) technology to create large-scale global change. Pretty good fit for what we're doing, eh? They have monthly meetings in a number of cities, but not in Boston, so this was my first opportunity. The meeting was small, and my allotted time brief. To me it felt surprisingly superficial -- a quick little talk, a brief discussion, and then on to a smorgasbord of other (random) topics. I guess I have to get used to the idea of a kind of sampler plate approach to networking. But just to attest to the power of this approach, I did connect with a woman there with deep ties to Indymedia, who the very next day invited me to be part of a large, brainstorming meeting convened by some amazing folks at Seattle Biotech Legacy Foundation.

About 100 of us spent 4 hours together, in various structured and unstructured processes, getting to know each other and beginning to brainstorm about visions of a sustainable future and how to get there. As you'd expect, nothing specific came out of this first meeting. But I'm totally jazzed that we were there and that there's an opening created to bring this group of people together. So many resonances with 2People, and what we're working on -- I kept hearing people looking for ways to build community. A fine start to my stay in Seattle...

Seattle and beyond...

2005-10-09T23:17:00.000-07:00

I'm in Seattle, living with my brother and working full-time on the project. It's going great -- will have a demo done pretty soon. Next week I'll give a talk at the Seattle branch of Planetwork.

Three different friends told me to get in touch with the Great Transition Initative (at Tellus Institute), and I finally did. Had a great chat with Orion Kriegman, who has agreed to join the advisory group, and invited me to participate in GTI. GTI is a brain trust of sustainability scholars and activists mapping out a vision for the transition to sustainability. Their approach is more top-down than I prefer, but it's a great opportunity to connect with many smart people from all over the globe.

Two new advisors join our distinguished group: Orion Kriegman and Dave Miller. Great to have their totally distinctive skills and vision on board!

Orion Kriegman: Organizer and researcher at Tellus Institute's Great Transition Initative. Orion is a graduate of the Harvard's Kennedy School, where he specialised in community participation in the sustainable development of urban neighborhoods. He coordinated the creation of the Urban Ecovillage Network (UEN) and was the Project Officer for the Reflecting on Peace Practice Project (RPP), a practitioner's learning network gathering lessons learned about various peacebuilding efforts in internal armed conflicts.

Dave Miller: Seasoned entrepreneur, angel investor, and clean energy advocate. In his former life, Dave started and sold a successful tech company, then helped run a venture fund at Lucent. He's currently getting his Ph.D. at MIT's lab for Energy and the Environment, and is active at the intersection of energy, business, and environmentalism.

Do hierarchical classification systems always suck?

2005-09-24T12:10:00.000-07:00

Clay Shirky argued recently that "classification schemes are going to be largely displaced by tagging". He points to Amazon and Wikipedia as two examples of how classification systems suck, and it would be hard to disagree. Shirky is a smart guy, and having just implemented our own user-driven classification system in Reef, his essay made me stop and wonder whether ours was destined to suck, too.

More to the point, it seemed like a good time to stop and think about how our classification system will integrate with our tagging system (which we have, too). Right next to Shirky's post is an interesting post by Tom Coates on how tags behave when the things being tagged also inhabit a hierarchical system.

There's a basic point that Shirky is muddying: he conflates classification systems with rigid, top-down, professionally applied metadata. He should not be mentioning Amazon and Wikipedia in the same breath, because the former (rigid, top-down, etc) deserves to be junked, while the latter (flexible, user-driven) is simply an experiment that needs to be improved.

The reason classification in Wikipedia is lousy is not that it's too expensive or too hard, it's that most people don't care about it; it's not terribly useful, because you don't usually browse encylopedias. I use wikipedia all the time, but I go there with specific questions and search not browse is exactly what I need. This is precisely why I rarely (if ever) bookmark wikipedia pages -- and I never tag them. I don't need to tag them.

The situation in Reef is quite different, because there are all sorts of information types (discussion, events, articles, etc.) that flow past you in this system. There's a need to be able to flag and organize anything and everything in whatever way you want -- Reef works like del.icio.us: you bookmark something by tagging it.

At the same time, articles (and for now, only articles) live in a hierarchical page space. If you want to add a new article, you have to add it as the child of some other page, which means that every article has a place in the page hierarchy. This is different than a traditional wiki because we treat the link as a parent/child relationship and let you explicitly view and edit a page's "paths". That's what's turns this into a classification system rather than a link network. This hierarchy is user-created, user-modifiable, and more flexible than your file system because a page can have as many different parents and children as you want it to.

The reason I think it's imperative that Reef support classification is that for 2People browsing is essential. One of our prime use cases is: you don't know what action to take next. You need to be able to, say, go to the section on "green homes" and get an overview of what your options are.

The interesting question is, what's the relationship between the page hierarchy and the tagging system? In Tom Coates' example, they're using tags applied to songs to generate information about albums and artists. This implies a sort of "summation operator" for tags that lets you derive a tagset that could be applied to the "thing" (say, album) that represents the collection of tagged items. I don't think this model really applies in Reef. Let's say you take all the articles that are descendants of the "energy efficiency" article, and look at their tags. I don't see that there would be much benefit in "summing" the tagsets. The nature of this hierarchical relationship is different, and also the tags are different -- people tag songs with tags like "groovy" and "techno", but in Reef the tags are going to be more content-driven.

But there's another way to look at it. Tags form an implicit, hierarchical classification system that is derivable from tag co-occurrences. (Ask me about this, if you're interested in the algorithm.) So, in principle, we could generate alternate views of the page hierarchy based on tagsets. But for us, now, this is too complicated. In the meantime, it makes sense to think of integrating tag info into the page hierarchy -- perhaps by using tags to generate lists of "related" pages that can appear alongside each page's list of "child" pages.

Game Theory and Green Consumers

2005-09-20T18:46:00.000-07:00

Joel Makower has a thoughtful piece on green consumers and why there's such a gap between green concern and actual buying habits. The gist of his answer is that green products are marketed wrong. I'm oversimplifying a bit, but basically Makower thinks that the average consumer won't make a product choice strictly on ecological concerns, and therefore marketers have to translate green choices into "healthier", "more efficient", or "higher quality" choices. In the political realm, this is the thinking of the Apollo Alliance -- their premise is (again, oversimplifying) that voters will never vote green, so we have to translate green into jobs and security.

As an activist, I think this is fundamentally wrong. It's not that I think Apollo is a bad idea, or that it would be terrible if people bought compact fluorescents just because they save money. But I do believe that we will not market our way to sustainability. If people don't actually "get it", then we will never make the enormous changes we need to make in the tiny amount of time we have to do it. That's why education is a cornerstone of 2People's strategy.

On his side, Makower can point to decades of evidence showing that people don't buy (or vote) green. But he omits some crucial factors in analyzing this evidence. We as consumers have lousy information. Is this product truly green, or is just hype? How much of a difference will product A make versus product B? Is anyone else buying it, or am I just a lone actor making an idealistic statement that no one hears? For heaven's sake, my neighbor asked me the other day if "organic food" was safe, because he heard that people got sick from the manure!

At the same time, we as consumers always have one signal that's crystal clear: how much does it cost? In the absence of good answers to the good questions, the rational thing to do is to pay more attention to the information we have that's most reliable. And that's what we do. And that's why we're in a race to the bottom. Better marketing is not going to create a race to the top; reliable signals about cause and effect will.

Seattle-bound

2005-09-06T17:35:00.000-07:00

As of Oct., I'll be working full-time on the 2People project. Yay! I just gave notice at Harvard, and I'll be moving in with my brother in Seattle to save expenses. My aim is to launch the site more or less by the end of the year.

I'm thrilled to announce that Carey McKinley has joined us as a development consultant and fundraiser. She and I will sit down next week and draft our first letters of inquiry to funders in search of seed money to support 2People while it's getting off the ground.

Network of advisors

2005-08-26T19:35:00.000-07:00

I haven't blogged much, because I've been spending most of my time coding. But other things are happening, too. Among them, I've recruited some great people to be advisors to the 2People project. I'm really grateful to have these people involved:

John Fitzgerald: Former senior counsel at Defenders of Wildlife, John is a public interest lawyer with extensive experience working with the US Government, multilateral development institutions, and NGOs. John and I met at last spring's CERES conference and finished each other's sentences.

Billy Parish: Founder and Executive Director of the Climate Campaign , and Coordinator for Energy Action. Billy has focused on coalition-building within the youth movement and developing new climate leaders by organizing conferences, trainings and tours. Billy is a dynamo of youth activism. We met at the DC fast.

Linda Plano: Associate Director at the Massachusetts Technology Transfer Center. A veteran of high tech industry, Linda helped found the Energy Special Interest Group at the MIT Enterprise Forum and was a Visiting Scholar at the Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, among other things. I am awed at Linda's willingness to talk about 2People everywhere she goes.

Ron Sandler: Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Northeastern University, Ron is a scholar of environmental ethics and technology. He is a senior investigator at Northeastern's Center for High-rate Nanomanufacturing, where he does research on the ethical implications of nanotechnology. Ron is the one who told me about the amazing MetroQuest simulation tool.

Leith Sharp: Director of Harvard University's official sustainability program, the Harvard Green Campus Initiative . After only four years, HGCI has achieved over $1 million per year of savings, and annual reductions of over 20 million pounds of CO2 equivalent. Leith is a role model for getting things done.

O'Reilly ETech Conference

2005-08-11T19:50:00.000-07:00

I just applied to give a talk at O'Reilly's ETech (Emerging Technology) Conference. Won't know until October; the conference itself is next March. Here's what I proposed:

Realities such as climate disruption and the current extinction crisis suggest that humans are having a wee bit of trouble grokking the tragedy of the commons (TOC). A big part of every TOC, though, is an information problem: TOCs arise when we don't know (or can easily ignore) the consequences of our actions, when there's no collective oversight of the commons, when we're unaware of better alternatives to existing behaviors, and when we have the illusion that our actions don't matter -- because we can't see our aggregate impact.

Framed this way, it's not hard to believe that software -- especially social software -- could be a key in helping us make the societal transition to sustainability. This talk will give an overview of new efforts in this area, ranging from data infrastructure (eg., NICK) to future simulation (MetroQuest), and focusing on Reef: community software that provides a citizen's dashboard for the 21st century.

Reef takes the three great ideas of social software -- wiki, social networks, and syndication -- and integrates them into a framework to support ecological footprint reduction. It is a GIS-based, action-centered ecosystem for content.

Tags for searching and tags for browsing

2005-08-10T19:42:00.000-07:00

I gave a tech talk about Reef last night at Boston Perlmongers, a local group of perl aficionados based at MIT. (Reef is the software that 2People will be based on.) It's the first time I've gotten that kind of input and scrutiny from a big tech crowd, and it was great. Very lively conversation and lots of thoughtful comments. I was very gratified that my basic architectural decisions went over quite well, and I think people were pretty intrigued by the project.

One of the best moments of the night was a colloquy on tags. Someone suggested that Reef could "help" the community converge on a common tag set, by making suggestions based on what tags have already been used (what del.icio.us does, only it gets more interesting when you try to do it for things that haven't yet been tagged). Someone else suggested that if you're building a taxonomy -- which we are -- then you converge on a tag set by the simple act of putting your content into the hierarchy itself. In other words, you either add a brand new node in the set of categories, or you choose an existing tag.

These two views on tagging are both valid and important to understand. One represents a "search" purpose, the other a "browse" purpose. We hope that Reef can support both of them. When Google/gmail says "Search don't sort," they're really mixing apples and oranges. Sorting isn't an end in itself (like searching), we do it because we want to be able (later) to browse. Searching and browsing are two fundamentally different and important modes of information seeking. Reef will integrate them both.

Free the Supply Chain!

2005-08-05T17:36:00.000-07:00

Jimmy Wales (Wikipedia founder) is announcing his "problem list" for the new century at the Wikipedia conference (by analogy with Hilbert's problems -- a list of very influential math problems that opened the 20th century). It's his view of the key content areas that demand a "wiki" approach -- the collective creation of a knowledge base under an open use license. Ross Mayfield (of SocialText) gives a preview of this list.

Wikipedia has always been an important model for 2People, and I added a comment to Jimmy's blog, under the banner:

Free the Supply Chain!

Transparency and community sharing of knowledge must be brought to bear on the hidden consequences of our daily economic transactions. Exactly what are you supporting when you buy a shirt sewn in Malaysia or conventionally-grown bananas from Honduras? This is arguably the most important freedom of all, since without it we will not succeed in making the transition to sustainability.

But since I never quite put it that way before, I wanted to elaborate a little on that here. The wiki model applies to 2People in an obvious way: community content making is a way to create and maintain a vast, up-to-date, localized encyclopedia of sustainability info.

But the wiki model also applies in a less obvious but more important sense: wiki is about freeing knowledge and empowering the commons. The knowledge embodied in a sustainability encyclopedia is not just any knowledge -- it is the information we need in order to make life-or-death choices for our future. 2People is not just a handy guide to lower energy bills; it's about creating transparency all the way through the supply chain, so that we as a community can really understand the consequences of our actions.

Or, in open source terms, the first model is free-as-in-beer, the second is free-as-in-liberty. It's that second kind of freedom that will transform our economy.

Fundraising

2005-07-21T22:15:00.000-07:00

A few months ago, when I started trying to raise money for 2People, I thought that if I could just find the right "angels", they'd be dying to give money to such a great project. And maybe they will ... some day. But after meeting with a few very progressive, ecologically aware angels, I found out that they still wanted a good ROI. So I've begun to think about more traditional non-profit fundraising -- simply for seed money until we can become self-sustaining. I think we do have a great business model, but it will take time to get rolling.

In this vein, two good things that have happened recently: Leith Sharp (of Harvard's Green Campus Initiative) put me in touch with a Boston-based freelance fundraiser. We met last week and hit it off, ... I expect good things to come of that. It never would have occurred to me that there are freelance fundraisers in circulation.

The other thing I'm excited about is the How to Build a More Ethical Society competition sponsored by Ashoka. Ashoka is a highly-respected incubator for social entrepreneurs, and in addition to the $5000 prize, the opportunity to network with them would be great. As I wrote up the entry for 2People, it was nice to hit upon this language: sustainability is ethics at societal scale. You can go to their site and vote on entries from around the world.

Tech talk

2005-07-11T19:08:00.000-07:00

The software that the 2People web site runs is under development -- it's called 'Reef'. A 'reef' is an ecosystem of content. It's a community built around posting, subscribing to, and collaborating on content. Something like a wiki, only with structure -- you can post an article, an event, a discussion topic, etc. (Also akin to structured blogging.) Because it's all based on a unified content model, it gives people the ability to subscribe to exactly the content they're interested in.

I chose to develop Reef in perl, on top of an mvc framework called 'Catalyst'. I'm liking these choices a lot, though it took me a bit of time to settle on them. Originally I though I'd develop in java, but the java mvc frameworks (Struts, Spring, ...) are still a bit daunting compared to something like Ruby on Rails. The java frameworks are definitely doing cool things, but they don't feel agile.

The other thing I expected was to find existing components to build on -- especially, I thought I'd use an existing wiki as a scaffolding for Reef. I looked at many, including MoinMoin, ZWiki, JspWiki, and Kwiki. The latter two became finalists -- they're both well done and relatively light weight, they have good communities, and they're built on languages (java and perl) that have great libraries backing them up and which I know. I actually started work on JspWiki, but immediately stopped bc the codebase just didn't feel stable enough for the kind of re-architecting I needed to do. Then I spent two weeks studying the marvelous, impeccable kwiki code. Kwiki is a wiki designed for extensibility -- the idea is that anybody can contribute a plugin and it should work with anybody else's plugins. I learned a ton about good perl code.

Sadly, within a few days I started to feel the limits of the kwiki architecture. I felt like I was trying to force it into shapes it wasn't meant to go in. Specifically, it doesn't feel very friendly to creating a class hierarchy for different types of pages. This is probably my limitation -- but I'm the one hacking on Reef. (Speaking of page architectures, yes, I also looked at plone. It's so very close to what I wanted -- esp. the new archetypes architecture, but it has so many, many, many layers -- the opposite of lightweight.)

In truth, it wasn't just wikis I looked at -- which is why it took me so long to settly on a toolkit. I also looked at CMSs, blogging software, and java portlet containers... This project cuts across so many categories! So it's kind of ironic that in the end, I'm writing it from scratch on a lightweight mvc framework. But I think this was the right choice. Having a clean page architecture -- by which I mean that every kind of page, whether it's an event or a resource listing, can be treated essentially the same -- makes everything so much easier, and development is going well.

The story so far...

2005-07-08T19:05:00.000-07:00

It's finally about time I started blogging 2People. This first post will try to summarize the story to now...

I've been home from Senegal for 4.5 months -- hard to believe -- and in that time a lot has gelled. The key concepts of 2People as both an organizing strategy and an online community have come together. I have a mockup of the site, and I'm making headway on implementing the software (more on that next time).

I've presented 2People a number of times, including at MIT's E-Club (for entrepreneurs), to Harvard's Green Campus Initiative, to SustainUS (campus activists), and to a working group of MBA types doing "clean energy" startups (which I was invited to join -- I feel special). I started out hoping to raise money, but now I think it's unlikely that angel investors would hand over cash for this kind of purely social enterprise. That's okay, I'm focusing more on a first release of the software, getting some open source momentum, and I'm pretty sure the money will work out.

Oh, yeah, I've also spent some time on omidyar.net, and set up a 2People group there.

Last week I went to DC for a global warming action timed for the G8 summit. We camped out in Lafayette Park right across from the White House, and fasted for three days. I went, not because I thought this would have a big impact, but because I wanted to meet a group of people with that level of commitment -- and I was not disappointed. Great people! I was especially inspired by the students -- kids who are really smart, well-informed, and utterly passionate about creating change.